Highlights
Topic: Write a paper evaluating the strength of evidence from one study described in the article provided by your instructor. This will be a challenging paper for many students, so just do your best.
The paper will have seven paragraphs, one paragraph for each of the following: 1) Write a brief introductory paragraph.
a. Somewhere within this paragraph, state the study authors' hypothesis, e.g., "Smith and Singh (2019) conducted an experiment to test their hypothesis that taking short quick shallow breaths increases anxiety."
i. Also, name the design of the study in this sentence: It may be a descriptive (also called correlational) study [meaning that all the variables were measured], or it may be an experiment [meaning at least one variable was assigned (i.e., manipulated)].
ii. Don’t mention the title of the article you read or the first names of the article authors in your paragraphs. The article title will be included on the references page.
iii. Don't say the article conducted a study (That's called anthropomorphizing.). People conduct studies.
b. Also give your own thesis for your paper, e.g., "This study provides some evidence [or no evidence, or strong evidence or weak evidence, or something else] for its hypothesis." c. Your biggest challenge in writing the introduction for a social science paper is to do three
things:
1) indicate the topic of your paper (i.e., the thesis of the study, and your thesis for your paper), 2) make the reader interested in the topic and 3) other than your main thesis, don’t say anything debatable unless you cite evidence for the statement or say in the introduction that evidence for the statement will be provided later in the paper. Students often make debatable claims in their introduction that don't strengthen their thesis (e.g., "Most people think that exercise is hard" or "Everyone's main goal in life is to be happy" or "Violence is the biggest problem in society."), and that can be fine if they cite a scientific basis for that claim or say that evidence will be provided later in the paper, but if they just say it and don't provide support for it, then the student writer can lose credibility. The reader might decide the writer is untrustworthy (i.e., conclude that the writer is not a critical thinker, but is a person who believes that if something feels true, it is true).
2) State your prior probability in a sentence or two or three: What would have been your confidence in the article's hypothesis before you learned about this research study and why? In other words, if someone had asked you whether the hypothesis of the study was true, how strongly would you
have agreed: 0% percent confidence means you would have thought it obviously false with no possibility of being true. 25% would mean you would have thought it probably false. 50% would mean you would have had no idea. 75% would mean you would have thought it was probably true. 100% confidence would mean you thought it was obviously true with no possibility of being false. E.g., "Before I read this study, I probably would have had about 30% confidence in this idea. I would have thought it was probably wrong because…"
3) Describe and evaluate the operationalizations:
a. Measurement
i. Explain how the main variable(s) was (were) measured, e.g., The researchers assessed increase in anxiety by measuring each participant's increase in heart rate (the operationalization).
ii. Explain the extent to which you think this is an adequate way of measuring the variable(s), e.g., "This is a reasonable indicator of anxiety because heart rate will rise when someone becomes anxious, but it's imperfect because an increase in heart rate might also indicate excitement rather than anxiety, so heart rate is a helpful, but far from perfect indicator of anxiety."
b. Manipulation (only include this topic if the study was an experiment):
i. If this was an experiment, then at least one variable was assigned (also called manipulated). If so, state how the experimental variable was (or variables were) assigned. E.g., If the study focused on breathing pattern, the researcher might have asked half the people to try to take one shallow breath every second, and then watched the person's chest to count how many breaths the participant took, and waited until they saw at least 40 breaths in a minute. Or, if the researchers wanted to make half the people happier and half the people sadder, the researchers might have shown happy videos to half the participants and sad videos to the other half.
ii. State the extent to which you believe this was an adequate way of manipulating the variable. The question is not whether this is the perfect manipulation, but whether it really did manipulate the variable that they wanted to manipulate in the direction they wanted for most participants, e.g., "The researchers tried to make people happy by asking them to watch a show from The Goodies. I believe this would
successfully make most people happier because it is the only show known to have caused a viewer to laugh himself to death." Or "The researchers tried to make
people happy by asking them to watch a show from The Goodies. I believe this was an ineffective manipulation. It probably made most people angry because the
tropes and stereotyping in the show are so offensive."
4) Describe the Sample:
a. Describe the size of the sample and the type of people who would have been in the study. E.g., If the study was advertised at a college in Canada and asked people to join a study in which they completed a questionnaire about sexual topics, you could argue that the study included people with more education than much of the population and it included only people who know English and are willing to talk about their sex-related beliefs.
5) Discuss whether the design fits the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is causal, then an experiment is best. If the hypothesis is not causal, then a descriptive study can be ok.
a. State whether the hypothesis is about cause
i. E.g., "People who drink alcohol are more likely to smoke cigarettes" This is not a causal hypothesis. It merely says that these two variables tend to occur together. It doesn't say what is causing what.
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