Legitimate Posh Technique & What is Human Existence - Nursing Assignment Help

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Introduction
Existentialism signifies both the movement and the discourse of philosophical inquiry concerned with the ‘human existence’. It takes as the starting point, the individual experience of a person’s situated-ness. The focus is the individual along with his actions, feelings, response to the world and even the lived reality. Existentialist philosophy due to this focus has been used as an exclusive method of therapy also for people who are suffering from anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance abuse etc., Some of the existential questions are ‘Is there all there is?’, ‘What is the meaning of life?’, ‘How can I live more authentically?’. It is practiced in different ways and has internally various school of thoughts which can be used for the particular problem of the counselee. One such form is Logotherapy, developed by Viktor Frankl who advocated the idea of ‘meaning in suffering’.

All forms of it are based on the following base premises:

•  We are in charge of our own decisions.
•  We are all distinct individuals as a result of the decisions we make, and we are continually recreating ourselves as a result of those decisions.
•  In life, we create our own meaning.
•  Anxiety is a normal part of life for humans.
•  In order to live truly, we must come to grips with our anxieties.

This writeup will begin by exploring the areas or basic premises from which existential questions can be understood for the purpose of which I will constrict myself mainly to Heidegger’s conception here due to the vastness of different existential school of thoughts. Nonetheless, one can get a basic idea of themes associated with existentialism. In addition, an attempt will be made to expound on what exactly is existential frustration, existential vacuum and existential structure along with its effects, concluding with my view on the importance of accommodating existential questions in both philosophical and psychological forms of counselling or therapy.

Martin Heidegger has explored this question from various other connected themes such as ‘Facticity’, ‘Fallen-ness’ and ‘Existenz’ along with understanding various other concepts such as anxiety, mood, nothingness etc., in his work Being and Time. The primary question he asks is that ‘what does it mean to be?’. This in itself is an existential question. To be is to exist in this changing world. Da Sein or human existence is then ‘being-in-the-world’. By human existence it does not mean isolated consciousness here or a static Being but, to be intertwined the subjectivity of the world which is also called as our lived reality or our situated-ness in the world. This means that one is born or thrown in a particular place from the perspective of history, culture, caste, gender etc., which is out of one’s control. This thrownness is the facticity of one’s life i.e., it is the fact of our life which we cannot change. In my view one has to create a meaning which can transcend this facticity. Similar idea was also propagated by Jean Paul Sartre in his work Existentialism is Humanism, wherein he states that our ‘existence precedes essence’. It means that one can create meaning through making choices and is not going to be limited by the facticity if only one chooses and takes responsibility of those choices. However, if one makes peace with the facticity or denies the possibility of transcending it then the person is in a Bad Faith. Heidegger calls this state as Fallen-ness where the person is engrossed in the average everyday-ness. She follows others blindly without any self-reflection and neglects or denies to go beyond the given. This way of living is inauthentic according to both the thinkers. The aim is not just to merely exist as someone randomly thrown into this world but to make a meaning of that existence. When a person invokes the capacity and freedom to exercise the choice and also at the same recognizes that one has that freedom, she opens up the path to live an authentic life. Heidegger has described the following three ways or attitudes which the Dasein can take towards his being in the world:
1. It can "fail to take a stand" on its being, so that it allows itself to be formed by "public interpretation."
2. It can "disown" its being, "actively identifying" with public social roles as a way of "fleeing its unsettledness."
3. It can "own up" to its own being, where social roles never become one's identity but merely ways of expressing Dasein’s "understanding of the groundlessness of its existence.
 

Existential Frustration and Vacuum

Existential discontent is a philosophical 'dilemma' which, if left unaddressed, can lead to psychological issues including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It is a healthy discomfort, according to Frankl, and I agree. There can be no wisdom without some type of turmoil and unrest, just ignorance. If satisfied (not treated) with thought on existential concerns, such disturbing feelings (uneasiness or troubles in living) lead us to knowledge and a higher quality of life. It is a driving force that motivates people to find meaning in their lives. There are three major areas of concern being fixed or trapped in which might result in a sense of emptiness or vacuum and existential dissatisfaction.Freedom and associated responsibility- Choosing your own path leads to a meaningful existence. People initially avoid taking responsibilities and live unfulfilled lives due to their laziness. Or, even if they do exercise the freedom, they are unable to handle it, leading to anxiety as a result of the lack of acknowledgement of the responsibility that comes along with those choices.

Death- Anxiety, according to Heidegger, is about death and guilt, and it awakens Dasein to the intrinsic instability and indefiniteness of its limited existence, resulting in a meaning crisis. This anxiety is distinct from the anxiety that results from fear. Death anxiety is Existential Anxiety. Death is seen by inauthentic Dasein as a biological fact, implying nothing more than the organism's physical termination. Dasein, since he lives in the daily mode of life, ignores the existential importance of death and considers it as a thing or incident that happens right now. When Dasein recognizes his mortality, he is free for the prospect of death, which Heidegger refers to as "freedom towards death."

Isolation- This can be associated with various forms of deliberately isolating oneself or getting isolated through discrimination due to our facticity. It can lead to social anxiety, lack of self-esteem and even depression and substance abuse in many cases. However, these are ‘problems in living’ and not diseases or mental illness in the initial stages at least. Discrimination due to the popular worldview and moral/ethical standards which are imposed on us can also lead us towards isolating ourselves and fall prey to loneliness, emptiness further developing an existential vacuum leading to a negative stance on our existence and suicide ideation. One such case of discrimination was highlighted by Thomas Szasz in his work The Myth of Mental Illness, wherein he argued against how the imposition of one point of view of Homosexuality being wrong not on any rational grounds but the personal view of those who wrote the DSM is a form of discrimination against homosexuals. Similarly, Szasz’s proponents talk about various others situations wherein anxiety and depression are not to be seen as mental illness (given that it is not chemical imbalance) but, problems in living. This is one reason which brings out the necessity of existential questions in philosophical counselling.

In my view, the problems in living should not be seen as an ‘issue’ but a form of confusion, discontent or existential frustration which needs to be satisfied by asking and reflecting on the right questions. In these three circumstances, or givens, an individual experiences existential anxiety, which is a form of dread. This worry is supposed to cause a reduction in a person's bodily, psychological, social, and spiritual awareness, which might have serious long-term effects. According to Ludwig Binswanger, existential structures differ between people with and without mental illness (and even among persons without mental illness, all sorts of variation exists), everything else (symptoms and indications, physiologic alterations, psychosocial features) follows from and is secondary to the changes in existential structure, which are at the root of the most fundamental distinctions in mental illness. If this structure of one's existence was in some way altered, due to biological or psychological reasons, then it could lay the basis for varied manifestations of mental illnesses.

Thus, either the existential frustration is resolved and the vacuum is filled with a new authentic meaning of life or one is unable to cope and develop mental illness such as BPD, Major Depressive Disorder etc., According to Lou Marinoff, ‘all dis-eases, such as unresolved moral dilemmas, unsettled injustices, or unfulfilled purposes can eventually become manifested as diseases. A persistent state of dis-ease can taint or mar one’s thoughts, words, and deeds which will negatively affect one’s emotional and physical well-being.’
 

Importance of Existential Questions

• The purpose of existential questions is not to obtain the correct answer. There is no standard framework as to what answer is the best. The idea is to come up with one’s own understanding or authentic views about one’s life. This involves or point towards self-understanding and reflection upon your own lived situatedness. Before understanding one cannot. It serves various purposes for long term:
• Acceptance of fears and the development of philosophical skills to overcome these concerns by acting and directing their own decisions via making choices. This results in a sense of independence or autonomy, which alleviates existential discomfort.
• This therapy technique may be used to address a variety of behavioural and mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
• The person receiving such counselling or treatment gains a high level of awareness or comprehension of themselves and their surroundings.
• Treats emotional instabilities caused by anxiety and makes the client aware of such instabilities.
• Conclusively, existential questions are as real as existential frustration and vacuum is. They are not fancy questions or techniques that aim at a specific desired result of reducing symptoms but to form a better worldview and develop an authentic relationship with life. The existential therapy is not for those who only want a solution to the current problem without diving deep into its existential ideas. While, the benefits of such questions can be availed by those who are open-minded or at least ready to transcend from the everyday-ness and explore meaning of their lives.

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